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Co-operation or co-optation? NGOs’ Roles in Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative

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dc.contributor.author Hermansen, Erlend A. T.
dc.contributor.author McNeill, Desmond
dc.contributor.author Kasa, Sjur
dc.contributor.author Rajão, Raoni
dc.date.accessioned 2017-09-20T10:55:10Z
dc.date.available 2017-09-20T10:55:10Z
dc.date.issued 2017-02-28
dc.identifier.citation Forests 2017, 8, 64; doi:10.3390/f8030064 en_GB
dc.identifier.uri http://www.taccire.sua.ac.tz/handle/123456789/526
dc.description.abstract This paper investigates non-governmental organisation (NGO) involvement in policy processes related to Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) comparing four countries: Norway, Brazil, Indonesia, and Tanzania. Based on documents and interviews, NGO involvement is mapped using a conceptual framework to categorise and compare different roles and modes of engagement. NGOs have co-operated with government in policy design and implementation, albeit to varying degrees, in all four countries, but expressed relatively little public criticism. Funding seems to have an influence on NGOs’ choices regarding whether, what, when, and how to criticise. However, limited public criticism does not necessarily mean that the NGOs are co-opted. They are reflexive regarding their possible operating space, and act strategically and pragmatically to pursue their goals in an entrepreneurial manner. The interests of NGOs and NICFI are to a large extent congruent. Instead of publicly criticising a global initiative that they largely support, and thus put the initiative as a whole at risk, NGOs may use other, more informal, channels to voice points of disagreement. While NGOs do indeed run the risk of being co-opted, their opportunity to resist this fate is probably greater in this instance than is usually the case because NICFI are so reliant on their services. en_GB
dc.language.iso en en_GB
dc.publisher MDPI AG en_GB
dc.subject REDD+ en_GB
dc.subject NGOs en_GB
dc.subject policymaking en_GB
dc.subject co-operation en_GB
dc.subject co-optation en_GB
dc.subject policy entrepreneurship en_GB
dc.title Co-operation or co-optation? NGOs’ Roles in Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative en_GB
dc.type Article en_GB


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  • Climate Change impacts
    All information related to the effects and impacts of climate and weather variability --- be it on agriculture, environment, food security, transport, health etc

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